Multilateralism & Unilateralism

More than three years into Sudan’s conflict, military territorial gains by the armed forces have not advanced peace prospects. The two-sided diplomatic model ignores that neither leader fully controls fragmented coalitions of armed movements, making negotiated settlements difficult to implement.

The 1991 Gulf War demonstrated overwhelming American military superiority, creating a post-Cold War international order based on the belief that U.S. power was unrivaled and resistance futile. However, globalization has democratized precision warfare technology, allowing weaker states to challenge American dominance, ending the era of unipolar stability.

China capitalized on U.S. sanctions and tariffs against Brazil over eighteen months, positioning itself as a more reliable partner as Brazil’s trade with China surged 22 percent while U.S.-Brazil trade fell 13 percent, culminating in Xi Jinping backing Lula’s complaints about American “interference” ahead of October’s election.

The US-Saudi nuclear agreement permits uranium enrichment and waste reprocessing, deviating from stricter 2009 UAE standards and raising proliferation concerns as Saudi leadership has explicitly stated nuclear weapons ambitions, potentially triggering regional nuclear competition.

By Ramesh Jaura* – rjaura.substack.com Leadership, Legitimacy and the Future of Multilateralism. The election of the next United Nations Secretary-General is about far more than choosing the Organisation’s ninth leader.

The article argues that the U.S. military-industrial complex, now including Silicon Valley, controls American foreign policy to maintain global primacy, with Ukraine serving as a testing ground for AI warfare technology despite Trump’s campaign promises to end forever wars.